نکاتی مهم در مورد سرویس ، حفظ و نگهداری بهتر باتری خودرو واضح است که یکی از قسمتهای مهم الکتریکی خودرو باتری آن است. در گذر زمان انواع مختلف باتری طراحی شده اند که هر یک دارای مزایا و معایب خاص خود هستند در این مقاله که در دو بخش تهیه شده است. به نکات مهم مربوط به باتری خودرو، می پردازیم.
انواع باتریها :
دو نوع از رایج ترین انواع باتری اتومبیل عبارتند از : باتریهایی که به مراقبت کم (LM =Low Maintanace) نیاز دارند یا غیر سیلد و باتریهای بدون نیاز به مراقبت (FM =Free Maintanace) یا سیلد . باتریهای با مراقبت کمتر (LM) دارای صفحه سرب آنتیموان/ کلسیم (دو آلیاژی یا هیبرید) هستند. در حالیکه باتریهای بدون نیاز به مراقبت (MF) دارای صفحه سرب – کلسیم / کلسیم هستند. باتری های بدون نیاز به مراقبت (MF) به مراقبت های پیشگیرانه کمتری نیازمندند ، دارای عمری طولانی تر ، شارژ سریعتر ، مقاومت بیشتر در برابر شارژ بیش از حد (over charge)، کاهش خوردگی ترمینال ها و زمان مجاز جهت نگهدارى کالا (Shelf Life) به مدت طولانی تر هستند اما در برابر عیوب ناشی از دشارژ عمیق(Deep Discharge) به دلیل افزایش ریزش مواد فعال صفحات ، سریعتر از کار می افتند . در آب و هوای گرم پیشنهاد می شود که باتری غیر سیلد خریداری شود . به دلیل این که در یک باتری سیلد هنگامی که به آب نیاز است ، نمی توان آب اضافه کرد و نمی توان غلظت ویژه آن را با هیدرومتر اندازه گرفت .
علل خرابی باطری:
نکاتی مهم در مورد سرویس ، حفظ و نگهداری بهتر باتری خودرو
باتریهای اتومبیل به منظور ایجاد جریان استارت اولیه با آمپر بالا (high initial cranking amp) (معمولاً برای 5 تا 15 ثانیه) برای روشن کردن موتور به صورتی خاص طراحی شده اند . یک باتری با کیفیت خوب در صورت نگهداری مناسب حدود 1.5 سال می تواند کار کند . هدف اولیه استفاده از باتری استارت زدن ، تثبیت انرژی و تهیه نیروی کافی برای جرقه زدن ، روشنایی و دیگر مصرف کننده هایی است که به مقدار انرژی بیشتر از ظرفیت سیستم شارژ نیازمندند؛ برای مثال در موقعی که موتور کار نمی کند . در مرحله بعد باتری اتومبیل ، توان الکتریکی سیستم را در موقعی که سیستم شارژ فعال نیست ، فراهم می کند . سن یک باتری به ریزش مواد فعال صفحات آن در اثر انقباض و انبساط این صفحات که در طول فرآیند شارژ و دشارژ اتفاق می افتد بستگی دارد .
دشارژ عمیق ، گرما و لرزش مراحل تخریب آن را تسریع می کنند و عاقبت رسوب تشکیل می شود و سبب اتصال کوتاه می گردد . از دیگر عوامل اصلی تخریب باتری ها ، سولفاته شدن آنهاست . هنگامی که باتری ها به صورت دشارژ یا برای بیشتر از 6 ماه انبار شوند . سولفات سرب صفحات را سخت و چگال می کند و توانایی شارژ شدن باتری کاهش می یابد و یا به طور کلی از بین می رود و مواد فعال صفحات ، دیگر قابلیت تحمل جریان دشارژ را ندارند و باتری از کار خواهد افتاد. تحقیقات اخیر نشان داده در هوای گرم ( بدترین محیط برای کار باتری ) میانگین طول عمر یک باتری اتومبیل با کیفیت خوب به نصف کاهش می یابد . استارت زدن بیجا (Slow Cranking ) خصوصاً در هوای سرد مشخصه خوبی است که نشان می دهد باتری در حال خراب شدن است و این باتری باید تست شود . دشارژ عمیق باتریها معمولاً در زمان های نامناسب برای مثال بعد از روشن کردن خودرو توسط اتصال باتری به باتری ( start jump )اتفاق می افتد ، متآسفانه اغلب فروشنده های باتری، چگونگی تست یا شارژ صحیح باتری را نمی دانند .
نگهداری پیشگیرانه باتری:
بررسی سطح الکترولیت ، محکم بودن سر باتریها ، تمیز کردن سطوح خورده شده قطب و سر باتری و چک کردن تسمه دینام همه برای نگهداری های پیشگیرانه یک باتری لازم است. تناوب اجرای اقدامات پیشگیرانه بستگی به نوع باتری و شرایط آب و هوایی دارد اما باید حداقل یک بار قبل از شروع سرما و ماهی یک بار در گرما این مراقبت دوره ای انجام شود . اگر سطح الکترولیت در باتری های غیر سیلد پائین است ، تا سطح مشخص شده توسط سازنده باتری (2 میلیمتر بالاتر از سطح صفحات) باتری را از آب مقطر پر کنید . توجه داشته باشید که بیش از اندازه خصوصاً در گرما آن را از آب پر نکنید.
چگونگی بررسی سالم بودن سیستم شارژ
سیستم شارژ اتومبیل شامل یک دینام (یا ژنراتور DC) ، یک رگولاتور ولتاژ ( آفتامات)، باتری و لامپ هشدار یا آمپر دینام است. زمانی که موتور در حال حرکت است، هدف آن مهیا کردن توان برای بار الکتریکی اتومبیل ( برای مثال جرقه زنی، روشنایی، لوازم الکتریکی و …) و شارژ باتری اتومبیل است. زمانی که سیستم شارژ از کار می افتد، معمولاً یک لامپ هشدار روشن خواهد شد و یا آمپر دینام وضعیت خوب (good ) را نشان نمی دهد. رایج ترین عوامل خوب کار نکردن سیستم شارژ ، لق شدن ، فرسوده شدن یا پاره شدن تسمه دینام است. بنابراین ابتدا باید تسمه دینام را چک کرد . اگر تسمه دینام سالم بود با استفاده از یک باتری سالم دور موتور را برای مدت دو دقیقه به 2000RPM یا بیشتر ( با در نظر گرفتن دمای محیط و بار) برسانید . ولتاژ باتری باید بین 13 تا 15.1 ولت افزایش یابد.
در اکثر خودروها در یک روز گرم مقدار ولتاژ بین 14 تا 14.5 ولت اندازه گیری خواهد شد . اغلب رگولاتورهای ولتاژ یا آفتامات ها، دارای جبران کننده دما (temperature compensated) برای شارژ درست باتری تحت شرایط مختلف محیطی هستند. هنگامی که دمای محیط کاهش می یابد ، ولتاژ شارژ جهت غلبه بر مقاومت بالای باتری افزایش می یابد. بلعکس ، وقتی که دمای محیط افزایش می یابد، ولتاژ شارژ کاهش می یابد . سایر مواردی که بر ولتاژ شارژ اثر گذارند عبارتند از شرایط باتری ، وضعیت شارژ ، بار الکتریکی ، سطح و خلوص الکترولیت . اگر ولتاژ بین دو قطب کمتر از 13 ولت و تست باتری بعد از شارژ مجدد خوب باشد یا اگر هنوز شارژ نگهداشتن آن با مشکل مواجه است ولتاژ و جریان خروجی سیستم شارژ و بار پارازیتیک اتومبیل با قطع بودن کلید (key off) را تست کنید . یک دینام با تسمه شل یا دیود خراب جریان خروجی دینام را کاهش خواهد داد .
اگر ولتاژ خروجی بیش از 1/15 ولت در دمای محیطی بالاتر از دمای انجماد است، سطح الکترولیت باتری پائین است یا بوی تخم مرغ فاسد شده در اطراف باتری به مشام می رسد ، بنابراین احتمالاً باتری دچار شارژ بیش از حد (over charge) شده است و سیستم شارژ باید تست شود.
در شماره قبل به برخی نکات درباره باتری اتوموبیل اشاره کردیم، در این شماره در بخش دوم و پایانی به بیان نکات دیگری درباره باتری می پردازیم.
روش استارت زدن با اتصال باتری خودرو به باتری کمکی (jump start) :
در هوای سرد، یک کابل تقویت کننده مناسب با کیفیت خوب با شماره سیم 4 تا 6 لازم است تا جریان کافی را به منظور روشن کردن موتور یک اتومبیل از کار افتاده، فراهم کند. هر چه قطر سیم بزرگتر باشد، بهتر است. موتور برخی از اتومبیل ها در مدت استارت باتری به باتری باید روشن باشد. به هر صورت استارت زدن اتومبیل خراب توسط باتری سالم اتومبیل دیگر با موتور روشن می تواند از بوجود آمدن دو خودروی خاموش جلوگیری کند. اجازه ندهید که گیره های کابل تقویت کننده (booster cable) با یک دیگر تماس پیدا کنند و یا گیره مثبت با بدنه خودرو یا بدنه موتور تماس یابد .
1. اگر دمای هوا، کمتر از دمای منجمد شدن است، بررسی کنید که الکترولیت در باتری معیوب منجمد نشده باشد. اگر الکترولیت منجمد شده، اجازه دهید که پیش از کارکردن یخ آن ذوب شود. یک باتری دشارژ شده که ولتاژ آن به اندازه 12 ولت یا کمتر یا دانسیته آن 14/1 یا کمتر است، تقریباٌ در دمای 15- درجه سانتیگراد یخ خواهد زد .
2. بدون لمس اتومبیل، همه تجهیزات غیر لازم و چراغهای هر دو ماشین را خاموش کنید . مطمئن شوید که تهویه کافی وجود دارد و از عینک ایمنی استفاده کنید.
3. ماشینی که باتری سالم دارد را روشن کنید و اجازه دهید که حداقل برای 2 تا 3 دقیقه با سرعت زیاد در حالت خلاص کار کند تا قبل از شروع کار باتری خود را شارژ کند.
4. گیره کابل کمکی مثبت (معمولا قرمز) را به ترمینال مثبت روی باتری خراب وصل کنید . گیره انتهای دیگر کابل تقویت کننده مثبت را به ترمینال مثبت باتری سالم اتصال دهید .
5. گیره کابل کمکی منفی (معمولا سیاه) را به ترمینال منفی بر روی باتری سالم وصل کنید و سر دیگر گیره کابل متصل کننده منفی را به مکانی تمیز و بدون رنگ بر روی بدنه موتور یا بدنه اتومبیل که باتری آن از کار افتاده و دور از باتری اتصال دهید.
6. اجازه دهید اتومبیل سالم با دور موتور بالا برای 5 دقیقه یا بیشتر جهت فرصت دادن به باتری معیوب برای شارژ شدن و گرم شدن الکترولیت آن، در حالت خلاص کار کند.
7. اتومبیل از کار افتاده را روشن کنید و اجازه دهید که با دور موتور بالا در در حالت خلاص کار کند. اگر اتومبیل بار اول استارت نخورد، اتصالات را مجدداً چک کنید، چند دقیقه صبر کنید و مجدداً سعی کنید.
8. کابل های کمکی را به صورت عکس آن چه در بالا گفته شده قطع نمائید و ابتدا گیره منفی را از روی بدنه ماشین یا بدنه موتور اتومبیلی که قبلاً کار نمی کرد به منظور کم کردن احتمال انفجار جدا کنید.
9. جهت پی بردن به علت دشارژ عمیق و آسیب های احتمالی باتری، در نخستین فرصتی که بدست آوردید باتری از کار افتاده را کاملا شارژ و تست کنید.
تازگی باتری (Freshness):
گاهی اوقات تشخیص نو بودن یک باتری دشوار است . هرگز باتری که بیش از 6 ماه از عمر آن گذشته است را خریداری نکنید . به این دلیل که عمل سولفاته شدن در آن آغاز شده است . سولفاته شدن هنگامی اتفاق می افتد که سولفات سرب نتواند به مواد شارژ شده تبدیل گردد و این اتفاق زمانی رخ می دهد که باتری های دشارژ شده برای مدتی طولانی در همین حالت باقی بمانند یا مقدار زیادی آب از دست داده باشند. معمولاً تاریخ تولید بر روی جعبه حک شده است . این تاریخ معمولاً ترکیبی از حروف و شماره ها می باشد. ماهها با حروف نشان داده می شوند.
چگونگی نصب باتری:
وزن یک باتری خودرو بین 10 تا 20 کیلو گرم است و اولین سؤالی که پیش می آید چگونگی نصب آن است. دومین سؤال این است که با باتریهای فرسوده اگر قابلیت معاوضه نداشته باشند چه کنیم؟ 1. به منظور کم کردن مشکلات ناشی از نشت اسید و یا خوردگی ، ترمینال های باتری و جعبه و سینی باتریهای کهنه و قدیمی را با آب شست و شو داده و تمیز کنید. خوردگی زیاد را با مخلوط کردن جوش شیرین و آب می توان خنثی کرد . همچنین کابل ها را به منظور جلوگیری از اشتباه در هنگام متصل کردن دوباره آنها به جای اولیه شان علامتگذاری کنید.
2. ابتدا کابل منفی را جدا کنید. زیرا باعث می شود که امکان اتصال کوتاه باتری را در هنگام جابجائی کابل کاهش دهد. سپس کابل مثبت را جدا کنید و سپس اتصالات پایانه، نگهدارنده را جدا کنید. اگر اتصالات نگه دارنده یا پایه نگه دارنده خراب و خورده شده است آن را عوض کنید. باتری های کهنه و خراب را از طریق معاوضه کردن آن با یک باتری جدید و یا با تحویل دادن آن به یک مرکز بازیافت از خود دور کنید و همیشه به خاطر داشته باشید که یک باتری شامل مقدار زیادی سرب زیان آور و اسید می باشد.
3. بعد از جابجایی باتری قدیمی مطمئن شوید که سینی باتری و کابل های ترمینال یا اتصال دهنده ها تمیز هستند. با یک برس سیمی سطح داخل سر باتریها و قطب های باتری را تمیز کنید . اگر قطب ها، کابل ها یا پایه های نگهدارنده شدیداً خورده شده اند ، آنها را عوض کنید. ترمینال ها یا کابل های خراب توانایی استارت زدن را کاهش می دهند.
4. ترمینال و گیره های ترمینال را با لایه ای از گریس ( با دمای بالا) یا وازلین جهت جلوگیری از خوردگی بپوشانید.
5. باتری جدید را به نحوی جایگزین کنید که کابل منفی به قطب منفی براحتی بتواند متصل شود. اتصال برعکس قطب های باتری سبب خسارت و صدمه زدن به سیستم برق اتومبیل می شود و نیز ممکن است سبب منفجر شدن باتری بشود.
6. بعد از محکم کردن بست باتری ، ابتدا کابل مثبت و سپس کابل منفی را وصل کنید.
7. قبل از روشن کردن موتور سطح الکترولیت و سطح شارژ را بررسی کنید و در صورت نیاز به مقدار لازم آن را از آب مقطر پر کرده و به مقدار لازم نیز آن را شارژ کنید . جهت جلوگیری از بهم خوردن حافظه کامپیوتر، کدها ، تنظیمات رادیو باید باتری دومی رابه صورت موازی پیش از جدا کردن باتری کهنه به آن متصل کنید . فندک اتومبیل ساده ترین راه برای موازی کردن یک باتری کمکی با مدار برق اتومبیل می باشد.
چگونگی افزایش طول عمر باتری:
1. بهترین راه جهت افزایش طول عمر باتری مراقبت مستمر از باتری و موتور می باشد. در آب و هوای سرد برای افزایش عمر باتری، باتری را کاملاً شارژ و موتور را گرم نگاه دارید. در آب و هوای گرم و در طول تابستان، باید سطح الکترولیت را مرتباً بررسی کرد و آب باتری را به سطح لازم برساند. این مطلب ناشی از دمای زیاد زیر کاپوت است. استفاده از محافظ گرما در باتری ها رایج تر شده و تولید کنندگان خودرو توسط آن، باتری را از دمای بالای زیر کاپوت محافظت می کنند. برخی تولید کنندگان باتری نوعی باتری مخصوص مناطق گرمسیر تولید کرده اند که مقدار الکترولیت در باتری را افزایش داده اند تا خنک سازی بهتر انجام شود و یا از فرمولاسیون خاصی برای صفحه استفاده کرده اند. 2. آب کاهش یافته را اضافه کنید. هرگز اسید یا آب آلوده اضافه نکنید و بیش از اندازه آن را از آب پر نکنید. 3. قبل از روشن کردن اتومبیل کلیه تجهیزات جانبی برقی و چراغ های خودرو را خاموش کنید به دلیل این که باعث کاهش بار باتری در هنگام استارت و خصوصاً در هوای سرد می شود. 4. روشن گذاشتن کلیه چراغ ها یا تجهیزات جانبی برقی دیگر خودرو و دشارژ کامل باتری خصوصاً در باتری بدون مراقبت و نگهداری، سبب خراب شدن باتری اتومبیل می شود. بعد از شارژ کامل باتری برای تعیین خسارات وارده احتمالی باتری را تست کنید. 5. بار پارزیتیک را به کمتر از 120 میلی آمپر کاهش دهید. 6. باتری های با شارژ کامل را در مکان های سرد قرار دهید و مرتباً هنگامی که مقدار شارژ آنها به کمتر از 80 درصد شارژ کامل می رسد یا بعد از 6 ماه (هر کدام زودتر اتفاق بیافتد) آن ها را شارژ کنید. 7. در آب و هوای سرد، افزایش قطر کابل باتری (نمره سیم کوچکتر) به افزایش توان در دسترس باتری برای موتورهای استارتر کمک می کند.
مهمترین علل ناتوانی ناگهانی باتری:
1. کاهش الکترولیت (که عامل 50 درصد از کارافتادگی باتری هاست) به دلیل گرمای بیش از اندازه در زیر کاپوت یا شارژ بیش از حد.
2. دشارژ زیاد( روشن گذاشتن چراغ های اتومبیل)
3. استعمال بیجا یا کاربرد باتریهای با سایز نامناسب.
4. شل شدن تسمه دینام یا بدون شارژ ماندن.
5. لرزش بیش از اندازه (به دلیل لق شدن بست های نگهدارنده)
6. استفاده از آب آلوده.
7. خوردگی.
8. یخ زدگی.
نکات ایمنی مهم:
باتری های سرب اسیدی شامل الکترولیتی از جنس سولفوریک اسید هستند که ماده ای خورنده و سمی است . در هنگام شارژ از خود گازی متصاعد میکند که در صورت وجود جرقه ای در کنار آن منفجر خواهد شد که سبب آسیب رساندن به انسان می شود. هنگام کار با باتری نیاز به رعایت مواردی است از جمله : تهویه مطبوع، دور کردن جواهرات از بدن، پوشیدن لباس محافظت کننده بدن و استفاده از عینک ایمنی مخصوص و احتیاط کردن و همچنین رعایت کلیه دستورات تولید کننده باتری در مورد تست باتری، استارت باتری به باتری، نصب و شارژ باتری.
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Next time I read a blog, Hopefully it won’t fail me just as much as this one. After all, Yes, it was my choice to read, but I actually thought you would have something helpful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something you could fix if you were not too busy looking for attention.
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