پایه بیش تر روغن های موتور که به آنها، روغنهای مینرال یا معدنی گفته میشود، نفت خام است که طی فرآیندهای پیچیده به محصول جهت مصرف نهایی در خودروها تبدیل می شود. البته روغن موتور در سالهای اخیر به جز نوع مینرال، به دو نوع نیمهسنتتیک و تمامسنتتیک نیز تقسیم میشود که در حقیقت انواعی از روغن مهندسیشده هستند. وظایفی که روغن های روانکار در پیشرانه خودرو بر عهده دارند، به طور خلاصه عبارتند از:
الف- روانکاری: به حداقل رساندن اصطکاک و ساییدگی میان قطعات در حین کارکرد ب- انتقال حرارت: خارج ساختن حرارت ایجاد شده در موتور و خنک کردن قطعات متحرک ج- آببندی: با تشکیل لایهای از روغن میان پیستون و سیلندر در موتورهای درونسوز به منظور جلوگیری از فرار گازهای متراکم د- ضربهگیری: جذب بخشی از ارتعاشات و ضربات حین انجام اعمال مکانیکی روی قطعات هـ- انتقال مواد: انتقال ذرات ناشی از سایش قطعات و نیز ترکیبات حاصل از تجزیه روغن و سوخت
بخش عمده وظایف فوق را مواد افزودنی که به روغن پایه اضافه می شوند، انجام میدهند. این مواد در عین حال، رنگ روغن را کمی تیره می کنند، ولی از شفافیت آن نمیکاهند. برای آن که همیشه خودرویی سرحال داشته باشیم، بهتر است موارد زیر را مو به مو اجرا کنیم .
1- رنگ روغن به تنهایی ملاک مناسبی برای تشخیص کیفیت روغن موتور نیست و فقط افراد متخصص می توانند تا حدودی با بررسی ظاهری و نهایتا با انجام آزمایش های مربوطه، در مورد کیفیت روغن اظهار نظر کنند. مواد افزودنی مورد استفاده در روغن موتور، معمولا موجب تیره شدن رنگ آن می شوند. روغن موتورهای مرغوب در اثر جذب براده های فلزات ناشی از سایش قطعات روی یکدیگر، دوده ناشی از احتراق، گرد و غبار و سایر آلاینده ها، تیرهتر می شوند. اما تفاوت روغن کارکرده و کارنکرده در شفافیت آنهاست، به طوری که روغن مناسب و دارای افزودنی های ویژه، شفاف و کمی تیره است. اما روغن کارکرده علاوه بر تیره بودن، کدر هم می باشد و این کدر (سیاه) شدن رنگ روغن موتور حین کارکرد، نشانه افت کیفیت روغن نبوده، بلکه نشانه عملکرد صحیح روغن در موتور و مصرف تدریجی افزودنی های روغن موتور است و لذا سیاه شدن رنگ روغن موتور نشانه فرا رسیدن زمان تعویض آن نبوده و تا کیلومتر پیمایش توصیه شده خودروساز و شرکت تولید کننده روغن موتور، کارایی لازم را خواهد داشت. بنابراین چنانچه رنگ روغن پس از مدتی کارکرد تغییر نکند، نشانه عدم توانایی انتقال مواد زائد و رسوبات از لابه لای قطعات و در نتیجه نامناسب بودن آن است.
2- نوع روغن موتور مصرفی باید با نوع موتور وسیله نقلیه متناسب باشد. در این مورد لازم است به دفترچه راهنمای خودرو مراجعه کرده و توصیه سازنده خودرو مد نظر قرار گیرد.
3- مصرفکننده روغن موتور، باید از استاندارد سطح کیفی و پیمایش واقعی روغن موتور شناخت کافی داشته باشد.
4- استفاده از روغن های مظروف تولیدشده توسط سازندگان معتبر که روی بستهبندی آنها، مشخصات مربوطه شامل سطح کیفی و کیلومتر کارکرد مناسب درج شده است، مطمئنتر است.
5- تنظیم موتور به منظور جلوگیری از وارد شدن فشارهای اضافی روی قطعات آن و همچنین بررسی وضعیت روغن موتور ضروری است.
6- شرایط عملیاتی کارکرد موتور از قبیل مدت زمان فعالیت، میزان بار وارده، دما، رطوبت و سایر عوامل محیطی، تاثیر مستقیم بر کارایی و کیفیت روغن موتور دارند.
7- تعویض بهموقع فیلترهای هوا و روغن و نیز شست وشوی بدنه موتور، موجب افزایش عمر روغن می گردد.
8- کیفیت لاستیک و تنظیم باد آن، از وارد شدن بار اضافی بر موتور کاسته و زمان تعویض روغن موتور را به تاخیر می اندازد.
9- راکد ماندن روغن در داخل موتور دلیلی بر حفظ کیفیت آن نیست، بلکه باید پس از چهار تا شش ماه برای روغن های با سطح کیفی پایین و شش تا 12 ماه برای روغن های تولید شده با سطح کیفی بالا، روغن کارنکرده را تعویض کرد. برای تعیین زمان دقیقتر بایستی به توصیههای سازنده خودرو، توجه کرد.
10- سطح روغن نشاندادهشده روی میله اندازهگیری یا همان گژ واقع در مخزن روغن، همواره باید بین دو علامت L و H باشد. به طور کلی اگر به خط پائینی یا L نزدیک تر باشد بهتر از این است که به H یا خط بالایی برسد.
11- در صورت کاهش میزان روغن، مقدار اضافهشده باید از همان نوع فبلی باشد.
12- داشتن گرانروی یا ویسکوزیته مناسب از مشخصههای مهم روغن موتور است. استهلاک بیشتر، افزایش حرارت قطعات موتور، مصرف سوخت بالاتر و دیر روشن شدن در هوای سرد از معایب عدم انتخاب صحیح روغن متور با گرانروی مناسب است.
13- به منظور حصول اطمینان از کارکرد مناسب، استفاده از روغنهای چند درجهای یا مالتیگرید که به آنها چهارفصل هم گفته میشود بهتر است.
14- شرایطی نظیر رانندگی با سرعت بالا ویا طولانی مدت، دماهای بالا، نقاط با شیب تند، پیمودن مسافت های بسیار کوتاه، خاموش و روشن کردن متناوب موتور، حرکت در ترافیک های سنگین شهری و درصد بالای گوگرد سوخت (در موتورهای دیزلی) مصرف روغن موتور را افزایش داده، از کیفیت و عمر آن می کاهد.
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