دیفرانسیل عقب بودن خودرو نیز مثل دیفرانسیل جلو ، دارای مزایا و معایب خاصی است و به همین خاطر همیشه این پرسش برای علاقهمندان پیش میآید که دیفرانسیل عقب بودن بهتر است و یا دیفرانسیل جلو بودن که کارشناسان آن را به هُل دادن یا کشیدن یک جعبه تشبیه میکنند و برای آن خوبیها و بدیهایش را عنوان میکنند. پس با این تفاسیر، میتوان ویژگیهای مثبت و منفی این طرح را نیز برشمرد که در ادامه به این موضوع میپردازیم.
در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب چون قطعات انتقال نیرو در عقب و جلو خودرو تقسیم میشوند، تقسیم وزن بهتری صورت میگیرد که در نتیجه وزن حین شتابگیری به محور عقب که به عنوان محور محرک است، منتقل میشود و با بالا رفتن چسبندگی تایرهای عقب، شتابگیری بهتری انجام خواهد شد. خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب چون در جلو خودرو دارای پیچیدگی کمی هستند، زاویه فرمانگیری بیشتری دارند و به همین خاطر نیز در محیط کوچکتری میتوانند دور بزنند و همچنین به خاطر تقسیم وزن بهتر و فرمانپذیری بیشتر، دارای هندلینگ و خوشدستی بالاتری نیز خواهند بود.
اما این تقسیم وزن فقط منجر به هندلینگ و شتابگیری بهتر نمیشود و در ترمزگیریها نیز خود را نشان میدهد چرا که وجود وزن در بالای تایرهای عقبی، از قفل شدن سریع آنها خودداری میکند و در صورت وجود سیستم ترمز قوی در محور عقب، کمک شایانی به توقف سریعتر خودرو خواهد شد. همچنین چون در حین تریلر بستن و حمل خودرو، فشار بیشتری به محور عقب خواهد آمد، در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب این اتفاق به یک نکته مثبت تبدیل خواهد شد و کنترل خودرو خصوصا در هنگام حمل بارهای سنگین، راحتتر خواهد بود. یکی از مشکلات خودروهای دیفرانسیل جلو در این است که چون حجم زیادی از قطعات و بخشهای خودرو در جلو جمع شدهاند، تعمیر و سرویس این خودروها سختتر و با مشکلات بیشتری انجام میشود. اما چون در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب این قضیه رنگ کمتری دارد، تعمیر این خودروها خصوصا در قسمت سیستم فنربندی جلو و فرمان، راحتتر خواهد بود.
ضمن اینکه در این خودروها دردسر اتصالات مختلف در چرخهای جلو نیز حذف شده است و استهلاک جلوبندی به واسطه کمشدن وزن در این قسمت و انتقال بخشی از آن به عقب خودرو، کمتر میشود. اما یکی از مزایای مهم قرار گرفتن دیفرانسیل در محور عقب، امکان بهرهگیری از پیشرانههای قویتر در این خودروهاست. در خودروهای دیفرانسیل جلو چون تایرها و سیستم فرمان تحت فشار وزن و دیگر قطعات قرار گرفته در دماغه خودرو هستند، اطلاعات چندان دقیقی از سطح مسیر حرکت به راننده منتقل نمیکنند و این در حالی است که در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب این ارسال اطلاعات در وضعیت بهتری قرار دارد.
نکات منفی در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب
در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب، وزن به طور مساویتری در عقب و جلو نسبت به خودروهای دیفرانسیل جلو تقسیم شده است که این کاهش وزن روی محور محرک نسبت به نمونههای دیفرانسیل جلو، منجر به بروز پدیده بکسوات شدید و بیشفرمانی (خارجشدن انتهای خودرو به سمت بیرون پیچ در چرخشهای سریع) میشود که این اتفاق باعث شده است تا امروزه سیستم کنترل کشش به طور استاندارد روی اکثر خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب، نصب شود.این وضعیت در هنگام عبور از مسیرهای لغزنده بسیار بیشتر خواهد شد و خارج شدن انتهای خودرو از کنترل راننده در زمینهای خیس و یخزده بسیار رخ میدهد که بروز چنین حالتی در وانتبارها به خاطر وزن کمتر روی محور عقب، بسیار بیشتر است.
در خودروهای محور محرک عقب، انتقال نیرو از موتور و گیربکس به چرخهای عقب در حالتی که پیشرانه در جلو خودرو باشد، از طریق میل گاردان انجام میشود که عبور این قطعه از زیر اتاق منجر به قرار دادن تونل گاردان در زیر اتاق و در نتیجه کاهش فضای کابین میشود.این کاهش فضا حتی در خودروهای موتور عقب که گاردانی در زیر اتاق ندارند، بیشتر خواهد بود تا جایی که این حالت قرارگیری موتور برای خودروهای دونفره اسپرت استفاده میشود.
وجود همین قطعات اضافی برای انتقال قدرت منجر به افزایش وزن خودرو میشود و از طرفی قطعاتی مثل گاردان و دیفرانسیلها نیز نیاز به مراقبت و نگهداری خاص خود را دارند تا به مرور زمان دچار مشکلاتی نشوند.اما استفاده از این روش انتقال قدرت، جدا از گفتههای قبلی منجر به بالا رفتن قیمت اولیه خودرو نسبت به نمونههای دیفرانسیل جلو میشود و همچنین تلفات انرژی در حین انتقال به چرخها در این روش در حدود 2 درصد بیشتر از خودروهای دیفرانسیل جلو خواهد بود. گاردان که مسئول انتقال نیرو از گیربکس به چرخهای عقب است، وسیلهای است که حساسیتهای خاص خود را دارد.
به این معنی که به مرور زمان دچار مشکلاتی میشود و ممکن است در کارکرد خودرو لرزش ایجاد کند و این مشکلات به دیگر قسمتهای خودرو مثل دیفرانسیل نیز سرایت کرده و باعث خرابی و به صدا افتادن آن نیز شود که این عیوب در خودروهای دیفرانسیل جلو وجود نخواهد داشت. ضمن اینکه وجود همین قطعه در خودروهای لوکس با طول زیاد، مشکلات بیشتری به همراه دارد و همین عوامل سبب میشوند تا خودروسازان در خودروهای اقتصادی و خانوادگی خود از قرار دادن محور محرک در عقب خودرو دوری کنند.
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