نیازهای کارکردی سیستم قفل مرکزی
وقتی کلید در قفل در طرف راننده می چرخد ،همه درهای دیگر نیز باید قفل شوند . این کار به وسیله موتورها یا سولنوئیدهای تعبیه شده در هر در انجام می شود . اگر سیستم فقط از در طرف راننده به کار بیفتد ،این در نیاز به کار انداز نخواهد داشت . اما اگر سیستم قابل کاراندازی از هر دو در جلو یا کنترل از دور باشد ، آنگاه همه درهای کار انداز لازم دارند . در خودرو های مجهز به سیستم های پیچیده دزدگیر ، غالبا با فعال شدن دزدگیر ، همه درها قفل می شوند .
کاراندازهای قفل در
در حال حاضر تقریبا همه کاراندازهای قفل در ،موتورهای کوچکی هستند که از طریق چرخدنده های مناسب ،میله ای مستقیم را در یکی از دو جهت مخالف هم به کار می اندازد تا در را قفل یا قفل را باز کند . برای اینکه از این مدار ساده معکوس کننده جهت جریان استفاده می شود . یک کارانداز متداول برای قفل در شکل 1 نشان داده شده است .
مدار قفل کن در و کنترل از راه دور
در شکل 2 مدار قفل کن در نشان داده شده است . واحد کنترل اصلی دو رله چند وضعیتی دارد که به وسیله کلید قفل در ، یا کلید کنترل از راه دور که با امواج فروسرخ کار می کند ،کاراندازی می شود . موتورهای قفل های مختلف به صورت های موازی سیمکشی می شوند و همه آنها به صورت همزمان به کار می افتند . سیستم قفل مرکزی با امواج فروسرخ به وسیله یک فرستنده کوچک دستی و یک واحد گیرنده حسگر فروسرخ ،به علاوه یک رمز گشا در واحد کنترل ، ادراه می شود سیستمهای ساخت سازنده های مختلف کمی با هم تفاوت دارند . وقتی با فشار دادن یک کلید کوچک کلید فروسرخ به کار می افتد ،رمز پیچیده ای منتقل می شود و تعداد رمز های مورد استفاده بیش از 50000 است حسگر فروسرخ این رمز را می گیرد و ان را به صورت یک سیگنال الکتریکی به واحد کنترل اصلی می فرستد . اگر رمز دریافتی صحیح باشد رله ها راه اندازی می شوند و قفل ها باز یا قفل می شوند . اگر در هنگام باز کردن قفل سه بار متوالی رمز نادرست به سیستم داده شود ،آنگاه سیستم فروسرخ خود را از کار می اندازد و قفل باز نخواهد شد ، مگر با کلیدی که در اختیار راننده است . پس از باز شدن قفل سیستم دوباره به کار می افتد تا با دریافت رمز صحیح قفل ها را به کار بیندازد . بدین ترتیب نمی توان با استفاده از فرستنده های روبشگر قفل ها را باز کرد .
شیشه بالابر برقی
شیشه بالابر برقی یک سیستم معکوس کننده جهت جریان دارد که با رله یا مستقیما با کلید کار می کند. اکنون، برای افزایش ایمنی و آسایش، استفاده از سیستم های پیچیده تر رواج یافته است. شیشه بالابر های برقی ساخت بسیاری از سازندگان خصیصه های زیر را دارند.
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شیشه بالابر کامل از یک واحد کنترل الکترونیکی تشکیل می شود که حاوی رله های موتور شیشه بالابر، مجموعه کلید ها و پیوندی با مدارهای قفل در و نور گیر است. وقتی شیشه بالابر به حالت یکباره به کار می افتد، شیشه تا جایی در جهت مورد نظر حرکت می کند که وضعیت کلید تغییر کند، موتور شیشه بالابر خاموش شود یا واحد کنترل الکترونیکی از مدار قفل مرکزی سیگنال دریافت کند. مشکل حالت یکباره آن است که اگر کودکی بین شیشه و قاب پنجره گیر کرده باشد جدا در معرض آسیب دیدگی قرار می گیرد. برای جلوگیری از این اتفاق خصیصه برگشت اضطراری به سیستم افزوده می شود. یک کموتاتور اضافی به آرمیچر موتور متصل می شود و از طریق دو ذغال سیگنالی تولید می کند که با دور موتور متناسب است. اگر آهنگ تغییر دور موتور در هنگام بستن شیشه، از مقدار آستانه ای خاصی کمتر باشد، واحد کنترل الکترونیکی جهت چرخش موتور را معکوس می کند تا شیشه کاملا باز شود. با شمارش تعداد پالس های دریافتی از واحد کنترل مرکزی نیز می توان وضعیت شیشه را تعیین کرد. این ویژگی مهم است زیرا وقتی شیشه بر اثر بسته شدن متوقف می شود نباید به پایین برگردد برای آنکه واحد کنترل الکترونیکی از وضعت شیشه مطلع شود باید وضعیت های آغازین آن را تنظیم کرد. این کار غالبا به سادگی و با کاراندازی موتور، ابتدا به صورتی که شیشه را کاملا باز کند و سپس به صورتی که آن را کاملا ببندد انجام می شود. در صورتی که این کار انجام نشده باشد، سیستم بستن یکباره شیشه عمل می کند. در بعضی از سیستم ها، برای آشکار سازی دور موتور از حسگر های اثر هالی استفاده می شود. سیستم های دیگر جریانی را که موتور می کشد حس میکنند و آن را به منزله نشانه ای از دور موتور به کار می برند. با استفاده از خصیصه قفل آسان می توان با یک عمل کلید فرو سرخ، همه سیستم های ایمنی اتومبیل را فعال کرد.این کار از طریق پیوند بین واحد کنترل الکترونیکی قفل مرکزی و واحد های کنترل الکترونیکی شیشه بالابر و نورگیر انجام می شود. سیگنالی ایجاد می شود و همین سیگنال سبب بسته شدن یک به یک همه شیشه ها خواهد شد، سپس نورگیر بسته می شود و سرانجام درها قفل می شوند.در صورت لزوم دزد گیر نیز به کار می افتد. شیشه ها به نوبت بسته می شوند تا به جریان زیادی نیاز پیدا نشود، در صورتی که همه شیشه ها با هم بسته شوند جریان زیادی خواهند کشید.
مدار شیشه بالابر برقی
مدار شیشه بالا بر برقی در شکل 3 نشان داده شده است. چنانکه مشاهده می کنید این سیستم با سیستم قفل مرکزی کلید و جداساز شیشه های عقب اتصالاتی دارد کلید جداساز شیشه های عقب را به این سبب روی اتومبیل نصب می کنند که راننده به کمک آن بتواند مانع با زشدن شیشه های عقب شود. یکی از مزایای این کار حفظ ایمنی کودکان است.
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