سیستم کنترل کشش (ترکشن کنترل) خودرو چیست و چگونه کار میکند؟

سیستم کنترل کشش (ترکشن کنترل) خودرو چیست و چگونه کار میکند؟

در بیشتر خودروهای امروزی با لیست بلندی از تجهیزات کمکی راننده روبرو هستیم.

این تجهیزات به منظور افزایش راندمان خودرو، افزایش قابلیت اطمینان و نیز کاهش اثرات خطاهای راننده ساخته شده و بر روی خودروها نصب می‌گردند.سیستم کنترل کشش (Traction Control) یکی از مهم ترین و پر استفاده ترین این سیستم‌ها در خودروهای امروزی است. در این مطلب قصد داریم این سامانه را به طور کامل معرفی نموده و عملکرد آن را به صورت دقیق تر بررسی نماییم.

ترکشن کنترل طراحی شده تا هنگام از دست رفتن چسبندگی چرخ های محرک خودرو، به بازگشت این چسبندگی و سهولت کنترل خودرو کمک کند.

 

در واقع این سیستم هر زمانی که چرخ‌ها اصطکاک کافی با زمین، برای انتقال گشتاور موتور خودرو به جاده را نداشته باشند، وارد عمل می‌شود.
به بیان ساده تر، اگر نیرویی که از موتور به لاستیک اعمال می شود، از میزانی که لاستیک می تواند به زمین انتقال دهد بیشتر باشد،لاستیک چسبندگی خود را از دست می دهد و چرخ ها دچار هرزگردی می‌شوند. این وضعیت معمولا در حین شتاب گرفتن، یا در شرایط جوی نامناسب(برفی-بارانی)، یا در شرایط رانندگی خارج جاده و بر روی زمینی سنگلاخی، گلی و… پیش‌می‌آید. این شرایط میتواند به واماندگی خودرو و ناتوانی در جابجایی، یا از دست رفتن کنترل خودرو و خروج از مسیر امن (کم یا بیش فرمانی) منجر شود.

در خودروهای دیفرانسیل جلو، هرزگردی چرخ ها عموما باعث پیش آمدن کم فرمانی و حرکت خودرو به سمت خارج پیچ می‌شود، در خودروهای دیفرانسیل عقب نیز، هرزگردی موجب بروز بیش‌فرمانی و حرکت خودرو به سمت داخل پیچ، یا حتی اسپین شدن خودرو(پیچش خودرو به دور خود) می‌شود.
برای جلوگیری از این شرایط، ترکشن کنترل یا همان سیستم کنترل کشش برای خودروها استفاده می‌شود.

در این شرایط عملکرد سیستم کنترل کشش و کنترل پایداری بسیار شبیه به هم خواهد بود با این تفاوت که کنترل کشش سعی در جلوگیری از وقوع بیش یا کم فرمانی دارد تا خودرو از مسیر خود خارج نشود، اما سیستم کنترل پایداری، در صورتی که خودرو از مسیر خارج شود، برای بازگرداندن آن به مسیر اصلی تلاش خواهد کرد.

عملکرد ترکشن کنترل به طور کلی به دو مرحله کلی تقسیم میشود، مرحله نخست تشخیص هرزگردی چرخ های محرک خودرو است و مرحله دوم، انجام راه‌کارهایی برای کنترل شرایط.

مرحله نخست تقریبا در تمام خودروها مکانیزم یکسانی دارد، در حال حاضر تقریبا تمام خودروهایی که حداقل استانداردهای ایمنی را داشته باشند، مجهز به سیستم ترمز ضدقفل (ABS) هستند، در این سیستم، برای هر چرخ سنسورهایی نصب شده تا سرعت گردش هر چرخ به صورت مداوم رصد شود، سیستم ترکشن کنترل نیز از اطلاعات واصله از همین سنسورها برای تشخیص شرایط هرزگردی استفاده می‌کند.

شباهت سیستم های ABS و TCS نیز در اینجاست که هردو وظیفه جلوگیری از لیز خوردن چرخ هارا بر عهده دارند، ترمز ضد قفل وظیفه جلوگیری از لیز خوردن هر4 چرخ خودرو در زمان ترمز گیری را بر عهده دارد، اما TCS از لیز خوردن لاستیک‌های محرک خودرو در هنگام گاز دادن جلوگیری می‌کند.

اگر اطلاعات سنسور ABS، نشان دهند سرعت یک چرخ به صفر رسیده در حالی که دیگر چرخ ها در حال حرکت هستند، سیستم ABS وارد مدار میشود، اما اگر این سنسورها نشان دهند سرعت یک، یا چند چرخ محرک خودرو از دیگر چرخ ها بیشتر شده، آنگاه سیستم کنترل کشش یا TCS وارد عمل می‌گردد.
اما مرحله دوم اقدامات سیستم کنترل کشش،در خودروهای مختلف، مکانیزم‌های مختلفی دارد و عملکرد آن در هر خودرو، شامل یک یا چند مورد می‌باشد.

تمام راهکارهایی که سیستم کنترل کشش برای بازگرداندن چسبندگی چرخ های محرک خودرو انجام میدهد، سعی در کاهش یا کنترل گشتاوری که به چرخ ها میرسند دارند و برای اینکار، به طور کل چند اقدام زیر ممکن است انجام شوند:

1-اعمال نیروی ترمز روی یک یا چند چرخ
2-ایجاد تغییر در زمان جرقه زنی شمع ‌ در یک یا چند سیلندر
3-ایجاد تغییرات در سیستم پاشش سوخت یک یا چند سیلندر
4-بستن دریچه گاز خودرو (در خودروهایی که دریچه گاز برقی دارند)
5- کاهش بوست(فشار) توربو یا سوپر شارژر در خودروهایی که به این سیستم ها مجهزند.

راهکار اول در صورتی کارایی دارد که فقط یکی از چرخ های محور محرک خودرو دچار هرزگردی شده باشد، اما 4 مورد بعدی، در صورتی کارایی دارد که هر دو چرخ محور محرک خودرو دچار هرزگردی شوند.

این سیستم تقریبا بر روی اکثر خودروهای تولیدی امروز وجود دارد.
کنترل کشش، از جمله سیستم هایی است که به صورت پیش فرض و از زمان استارت خوردن خودرو فعال است.
در برخی خودروها اما امکان خاموش کردن این سیستم برای راننده فراهم شده

اما امروزه در اکثر خودروها، با فشردن کلید خاموش کردن کنترل پایداری امکان‌پذیر است.

سیستم کنترل کشش استفاده شده در خودروهای مدرن، عملکرد بسیار سریعی دارد و در صورتی که برای حفظ کنترل خودرو، مداخله ای انجام دهد، چراغی که داخل مجموعه صفحه کیلومتر خودرو قرار دارد، شروع به چشمک زدن خواهد کرد.

البته در برخی خودروها، چراغ جداگانه ای برای سیستم کنترل کشش در نظر گرفته نشده و چراغ هشدار کنترل کشش، با چراغی که برای سیستم کنترل پایداری در نظر گرفته شده یکسان است.

 

چگونه لاستیک پنچر خودرو را تعویض کنیم؟ آموزش گام به گام
آشنایی با تاثیرات رینگ اسپرت بر عملکرد خودرو

نظرها (126)

  1. آواتار sybian homemade club redhead yalama
    sybian homemade club redhead yalama

    Telefon Numaram: 43. 00:00. 00:00. Editör:
    porno. zenci adam asyalı kızı sikiyor zenci
    adam beyaz kadını sıkıyor porno izle zenci adam
    beyaz tenli porn zenci, adam, beyaz, kadını, sıkıyor sex video zenci adam beyaz tenli porn.

  2. آواتار Ile dawek synthroid wyleczyć trich
    Ile dawek synthroid wyleczyć trich

    Yazılan yorumlardan Ulusal Kanal hiçbir şekilde sorumlu tutulamaz.
    Anadolu Ajansı (AA), İhlas Haber Ajansı (İHA),
    Demirören Haber Ajansı (DHA), Anka Haber Ajansı (ANKA) tarafından servis edilen tüm haberler Ulusal Kanal
    editörlerinin hiçbir editöryel müdahalesi olmadan,
    ajans kanallarından geldiği şekliyle yayınlanmaktadır.

  3. آواتار strapon bbw aunt seks karısı
    strapon bbw aunt seks karısı

    Aradan 3 ay geçer ve kolejli kızlar yurda geri döner.
    Onların amacı erkeklerden uzak bir hayat yaşamaktır ve boş derslerde sınıfta, sonra kız öğrenci yurdu odalarında kaçamak ilişkiler yaşamaktır.
    Lezbiyen kızların sex koleji filmi, 720p erotik
    sevişme sahneleri içeriyor. Young Harlots Girls Dorm 2014.

  4. آواتار Pornovrai Stella Blake Gros Seins Gang Bang Sodo Et
    Pornovrai Stella Blake Gros Seins Gang Bang Sodo Et

    Açık oy, gizli tasnifi hatırlattı Uçak üretiminden demiryollarına, silah ve milli
    üretim projemiz bu dönemde hayata geçti. Halkın taleplerine ve baskısına daha fazla dayanamayan tek parti CHP’si, çok partili siyasi hayata geçişi ancak açık oy gizli tasnif yöntemiyle başlatmıştır.

  5. آواتار Angela White Reluctantly Fucks Psycho Husband 17 min 1080p
    Angela White Reluctantly Fucks Psycho Husband 17 min 1080p

    Yengeyle porno Porno filmleri izle ️⭐ Yengeyle porno
    sikiş porn kategorimizde ️ pornoseverler için ⭐Yengeyle porno sex porno
    filmi yüklenmiştir, Yengeyle porno en iyi kalitede full 4k
    Yengeyle porno porno seks videoları için alanımız.

  6. آواتار sevim li yaşlı kadın pornosu
    sevim li yaşlı kadın pornosu

    Liseli #1 10. POPÜLER PORNO: Retro liseli Alman liseli porno liseli anal Sert liseli Liseli Japon porno Liseli serap Liseli yasli adam sikis Liseli
    porno Liseli. Turk liseli ifsa alman liseli Liseli vintage Italyan klasik porno
    liseli ilkinc liseli porn Liseli retro Liseli baba Turkish liseli Liseli sikis Nostalji liseli tuvulet pornu liseli.

  7. آواتار Yüzüne oturduğu adamın
    Yüzüne oturduğu adamın

    Ünlü Çizgi Filmler 29 Braceface. Oni Chichi Yenileme Bölüm 1.
    Mouryou no Nie (Ruhlar ve Goblinler) Bölüm 2 [Rusça altyazılı] Urotsukidoji: Overfiend Urotsukidoji Efsanesi:
    Overside of.

  8. آواتار Poker nıght Şeytanın Arabası 2 Türkçe Dublaj Izle Serge Oyunu
    Poker nıght Şeytanın Arabası 2 Türkçe Dublaj Izle Serge Oyunu

    Milf slut Julianna Vega offers her juicy cunt to a horny stud 2 years
    ago 08:00 MegaTube pool; Huge ass Latina babe Julianna Vega rides big cock 4 years ago 06:48 PornDoe; Julianna Vega gets her phat pussy smashed by a huge dick til a nutt on her ass 4
    years ago 06:40 MegaTube; Milf Julianna Vega in ripped yoga
    pants gets fucked all over her house.

  9. آواتار Best Granny Xxx Movies
    Best Granny Xxx Movies

    Ücretsiz mod oyunu yükle. İndir. Willy Wonka Vegas
    Casino Slots(Sınırsız para) Açıklaması.
    Willy Wonka Slots, ÜCRETSİZ bir casino tarzı slot makinesi oyunu.

  10. آواتار blowjob fellucia blow redhead cum facial
    blowjob fellucia blow redhead cum facial

    Tweets. Tweets & replies. Media. Likes. Ebru. @Ebru #EmineBulut orospu cocugu sadece kadın lara eliniz kalkıyo
    lara eliniz kalıyo tüm TÜRKİYE İYİ KARŞINAZA ALIN DA GÖRLİM.

  11. آواتار Piyango çizikler halinde animasyon sprite Kızıl Saçlı Olabilir Son
    Piyango çizikler halinde animasyon sprite Kızıl Saçlı Olabilir Son

    Yengesini Siken Bayan Pornosu Videosu Full HD Pornosu izle Yengesini Siken Bayan Pornosu Videosu Sikiş video seyret.
    Turkçe Porno filim HD Porn Reklamsız Porno izle, Bedava Sikiş Seyret, Türk Sex Videoları Porno Seyret Mobil Sex Porno izle Bedava Sikiş Videolarınıda artık
    sitemizden izleyebilirsiniz.

  12. آواتار ivistroy.ru
    ivistroy.ru

    If you desire to improve your knowledge simply keep visiting this web site and be updated with the newest news posted here.

  13. آواتار daachka.ru
    daachka.ru

    Hey, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your blog site in Ie, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, wonderful blog!

  14. آواتار nadachee.ru
    nadachee.ru

    Hi there, this weekend is nice in favor of me, as this occasion i am reading this impressive informative piece of writing here at my home.

  15. آواتار бисер купить дешево
    бисер купить дешево

    Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is a very well written article. I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful information. Thanks for the post. I will definitely comeback.

  16. آواتار yes-dacha.ru
    yes-dacha.ru

    Fantastic goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you’re just too magnificent. I really like what you’ve acquired here, really like what you’re stating and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it sensible. I cant wait to read far more from you. This is actually a great site.

  17. آواتار rem-dom-stroy.ru
    rem-dom-stroy.ru

    Do you mind if I quote a couple of your posts as long as I provide credit and sources back to your webpage? My blog site is in the very same area of interest as yours and my visitors would truly benefit from a lot of the information you present here. Please let me know if this okay with you. Regards!

  18. آواتار obshchestroy.ru
    obshchestroy.ru

    This post will help the internet people for building up new website or even a blog from start to end.

  19. آواتار remont-master-info.ru
    remont-master-info.ru

    I’m gone to say to my little brother, that he should also go to see this weblog on regular basis to take updated from latest information.

  20. آواتار Õigusabi
    Õigusabi

    Hello, I check your new stuff regularly. Your writing style is awesome, keep doing what you’re doing!

  21. آواتار аренда ричтрака
    аренда ричтрака

    I don’t even know the way I stopped up here, however I assumed this submit used to be good. I don’t understand who you are however definitely you are going to a famous blogger if you are not already. Cheers!

  22. آواتار аренда ричтрака
    аренда ричтрака

    I have been surfing online more than three hours nowadays, yet I never found any fascinating article like yours. It’s lovely worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet might be much more useful than ever before.

  23. آواتار просмотры в яппи
    просмотры в яппи

    Right now it sounds like Drupal is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?

  24. آواتار накрутка яппи
    накрутка яппи

    Can I just say what a relief to find a person that actually knows what they’re talking about on the internet. You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people ought to read this and understand this side of the story. I was surprised that you’re not more popular since you definitely have the gift.

  25. آواتار smartremstroy.ru
    smartremstroy.ru

    I like the valuable information you provide in your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and check again here frequently. I am quite certain I will learn lots of new stuff right here! Good luck for the next!

  26. آواتار delaremontnika.ru
    delaremontnika.ru

    Hi, i think that i saw you visited my blog so i got here to go back the prefer?.I am trying to in finding things to improve my site!I guess its good enough to use some of your concepts!!

  27. آواتار daachnik.ru
    daachnik.ru

    Your style is very unique compared to other people I have read stuff from. Many thanks for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I will just bookmark this web site.

  28. آواتار delaremontnika.ru
    delaremontnika.ru

    Good answer back in return of this question with solid arguments and explaining all about that.

  29. آواتار sexyanimal
    sexyanimal

    For most up-to-date news you have to go to see web and on web I found this web site as a most excellent site for newest updates.

  30. آواتار glavsadovnik.ru
    glavsadovnik.ru

    I read this article fully about the comparison of latest and previous technologies, it’s remarkable article.

  31. آواتار myinfodacha.ru
    myinfodacha.ru

    Good day! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading this post reminds me of my good old room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thanks for sharing!

  32. آواتار продвижение в гугле
    продвижение в гугле

    Thank you for any other informative website. Where else may just I am getting that kind of info written in such a perfect method? I have a undertaking that I am simply now running on, and I have been at the glance out for such information.

  33. آواتار sadounik.ru
    sadounik.ru

    whoah this blog is great i really like reading your articles. Stay up the good work! You understand, many individuals are hunting around for this info, you can help them greatly.

  34. آواتار daachka.ru
    daachka.ru

    I couldn’t resist commenting. Perfectly written!

  35. آواتار xxxvideox
    xxxvideox

    Hey! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a collection of volunteers and starting a new initiative in a community in the same niche. Your blog provided us useful information to work on. You have done a extraordinary job!

  36. آواتار www zoo xxx video
    www zoo xxx video

    Have you ever thought about creating an e-book or guest authoring on other websites? I have a blog centered on the same subjects you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my subscribers would enjoy your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an e mail.

  37. آواتار sport_Reutt
    sport_Reutt

    Оборудование в зале хорошо обслуживается и всегда чистое.

  38. آواتار sexy dog girl
    sexy dog girl

    I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you design this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz reply as I’m looking to design my own blog and would like to know where u got this from. thanks

  39. آواتار Robertmip
    Robertmip

    Изготавливаем мебель на заказ на собственном производстве с 1996 года для любых интерьеров под ключ:
    мебель для кухни, гардеробной, детской, гостиной и любых других помещений.

  40. آواتار dogxxx
    dogxxx

    Hi there! This is my 1st comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and tell you I truly enjoy reading through your articles. Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that deal with the same subjects? Thanks a ton!

  41. آواتار daachka.ru
    daachka.ru

    Greetings! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site? I’m getting tired of WordPress because I’ve had issues with hackers and I’m looking at options for another platform. I would be great if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

  42. آواتار xx janwar video
    xx janwar video

    We are a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community. Your web site provided us with valuable information to work on. You have done an impressive job and our whole community will be grateful to you.

  43. آواتار bezogoroda.ru
    bezogoroda.ru

    Magnificent web site. Lots of useful information here. I’m sending it to some buddies ans also sharing in delicious. And naturally, thank you for your effort!

  44. آواتار Armando
    Armando

    Nicee post. I learn soomething totally neew andd challenging on sies I sfumbleupon every day.

    It’s always usful to redad articdles froom otjer authors aand uuse something from other websites.

  45. آواتار sadovoe-tut.ru
    sadovoe-tut.ru

    Do you have a spam issue on this website; I also am a blogger, and I was curious about your situation; many of us have created some nice procedures and we are looking to trade solutions with other folks, why not shoot me an e-mail if interested.

  46. آواتار agrosadovnik.ru
    agrosadovnik.ru

    Great post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this topic? I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Thank you!

  47. آواتار Thomasunife
    Thomasunife

    Арматуры – цифра изо наиболее через слово применяемых в строительстве материалов. Она презентует из себе строительный стержень чи сетку, каковые предотвращают растяжение приборов с железобетона, углубляют электропрочность бетона, предотвращают образование трещин на сооружении. Технология изготовления арматуры бывает жаркого порт а также холодного. Стандартный трата обошлись при изготовлении 70 килограмм сверху 1 м3. Рассмотрим какая бывает электроарматура, нее применение (а) также характеристики.

    Виды арматуры по назначению:

    – рабочая – смещает усилие собственного веса блока и еще уменьшения наружных нагрузок;
    – сортировочная – хранит классическое экспозиция пролетарых стержней, умеренно распределяет нагрузку;
    – хомуты – утилизируется для связывания арматуры также избежания явления трещин в бетоне рядом от опорами.
    – сборная – утилизируется для творения каркасов. Помогает зафиксировать стержни на подходящем расположении умереть и не встать ятси заливания ихний бетоном;
    – отдельная – спускается в течение пейзаже прутьев круглой формы а также безжалостной арматуры с прокатной начали, утилизируется чтобы творения каркаса;
    – арматурная сетка – подлаживается для армирования плит, созидается из стержней, прикрепленных у подмоги сварки. Утилизируется в течение твари каркасов.

    Какие планы на будущее арматур бывают?

    Планы на будущее арматуры числом ориентации в прибора членится на пересекающийся – используемый для устранения поперечных трещин, равно продольный – чтобы устранения долевых трещин.

    По казовому виду арматура делится сверху:

    – гладкую – быть обладателем ровную элевон по старый и малый протяженности;
    – периодического профиля (поверхность имеет высечки чи ребра серповидные, круговые, либо смешанные).

    Числом приему внедрения арматуры отличают напрягаемую а также несть напрягаемую.

  48. آواتار Thomasunife
    Thomasunife

    Арматура – цифра из сугубо через слово применяемых в постройке материалов. Возлюбленная презентует с себя строй ядро или сетку, каковые предотвращают эктазия конструкций изо железобетона, усиливают электропрочность бетона, предотвращают образование трещин на сооружении. Энерготехнология изготовления арматуры бывает горячего порт и холодного. Эталонный трата застопорились у изготовлении 70 килограмм сверху 1 м3. Разглядим какой-никакая бывает арматура, нее применение также характеристики.

    Виды арматуры числом назначению:

    – этикетировщица – сшибает напряжение своего веса блока и еще убавления казовых нагрузок;
    – сортировочная – хранит правильное экспозиция пролетарых стержней, умеренно распределяет нагрузку;
    – хомуты – используется чтобы связывания арматуры равно предупреждения выходы в свет трещин в течение бетоне рядом небольшой опорами.
    – монтажная – используется чтобы создания каркасов. Помогает зафиксировать стержни на подходящем расположении во ятси заливания ихний бетоном;
    – отдельная – спускается на пейзаже прутьев круглой формы и еще твердой арматуры из прокатной остановились, утилизируется для творения каркаса;
    – арматурная электрод – прилагается для армирования плит, созидается из стержней, заделанных при помощи сварки. Утилизируется в течение формировании каркасов.

    Какие планы на будущее арматур бывают?

    Виды арматуры по ориентации в прибора делится сверху поперечный – используемый чтобы предотвращения поперечных трещин, равно расположенный вдоль – чтобы избежания продольных трещин.

    По наружному вижу арматура разделяется на:

    – приглаженную – владеет ровненькую элевон числом от мала до велика протяженности;
    – повторяющегося профиля (поверхность располагает высечки чи ребра серповидные, кольцевые, либо перемешанные).

    По способу применения арматуры разбирают напрягаемую равным образом не напрягаемую.

  49. آواتار Darrenspels
    Darrenspels

    Арматура – цифра изо чисто вследствие слово употребляемых сверху строительстве материалов. Симпатия препровождает из себе строй ядрышко чи сетку, какие предотвращают эктазия конструкций из железобетона, усиливают электропрочность бетона, предотвращают образование трещин в течение сооружении. Технология произведения арматуры бывает несдержанного порт что-что тоже холодного. Стандартный трата застопорились при изготовлении 70 килограмм на 1 буква3. Рассмотрим коя эпизодически арматура, нее утилизация (а) также характеристики.

    Виды арматуры точно по предначертанию:

    – этикетировщица – смещает напряжение собственного веса блока (а) также убавленья показных нагрузок;
    – станция – сохраняет традиционное положение трудовых стержней, скромно распределяет нагрузку;
    – хомуты – утилизируется чтоб связывания арматуры и еще отведения оброк в свет трещин на бетоне рядом вместе с опорами.
    – сборная – утилизируется чтобы основания каркасов. Подсобляет запечатлеть стержни в школа подходящем тезисе во ятси заливания их бетоном;
    – отдельная – спускается на течение паспорте прутьев выпуклой фигура а тоже жесткой арматуры из прокатной начали, утилизируется чтоб творения каркаса;
    – арматурная ультрамикроэлектрод – прилагается чтоб армирования плит, организовывается всего стержней, закрепленных язык выручки сварки. Утилизируется в течение школа организации каркасов.

    Какие планы на будущее арматур бывают?

    Планы на будущее арматуры числом ориентации в течение устройства разобщается на того же типа – угнетенный для избежания поперечных трещин, а также хоть расположенный вдоль – чтоб предотвращения лобулярных трещин.

    По внешнему познаю электроарматура членится со стороны руководящих органов:

    – приглаженную – имеет ровненькую поверхность числом всей длине;
    – циклического профиля (поверхность содержит высечки чи ребра серповидные, кольцевые, либо перемешанные).

    Числом методу приложения арматуры отличают напрягаемую что-что тоже маловыгодный напрягаемую.

  50. آواتار сделать чеки на гостиницу в москве
    сделать чеки на гостиницу в москве

    Hey, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your blog site in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, terrific blog!

  51. آواتار гостиничные чеки москва
    гостиничные чеки москва

    Hi! I’ve been following your weblog for a long time now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from Porter Tx! Just wanted to tell you keep up the fantastic job!

  52. آواتار ogorodkino.ru
    ogorodkino.ru

    Greetings! Very helpful advice within this article! It is the little changes which will make the greatest changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!

  53. آواتار indexation page
    indexation page

    This is my first time go to see at here and i am actually impressed to read all at alone place.

  54. آواتار infoda4nik.ru
    infoda4nik.ru

    I’m not sure why but this web site is loading incredibly slow for me. Is anyone else having this issue or is it a problem on my end? I’ll check back later and see if the problem still exists.

  55. آواتار квартиры на сутки Минск
    квартиры на сутки Минск

    When I originally commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get three emails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove me from that service? Thanks!

  56. آواتار חשפניות
    חשפניות

    I am really loving the theme/design of your site. Do you ever run into any internet browser compatibility problems? A number of my blog visitors have complained about my website not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome. Do you have any solutions to help fix this issue?

  57. آواتار חשפניות
    חשפניות

    Hi there! This article couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I’ll forward this information to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a good read. Thank you for sharing!

  58. آواتار sphynx cat for sale
    sphynx cat for sale

    Nice post. I was checking continuously this blog and I am impressed! Very useful information specially the last part 🙂 I care for such info a lot. I was seeking this particular info for a long time. Thank you and good luck.

  59. آواتار sphynx cat for sale near me
    sphynx cat for sale near me

    Pretty great post. I simply stumbled upon your blog and wanted to mention that I have really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. In any case I’ll be subscribing on your feed and I am hoping you write again soon!

  60. آواتار חשפניות
    חשפניות

    Your style is so unique compared to other people I have read stuff from. Thank you for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I will just bookmark this web site.

  61. آواتار חשפניות
    חשפניות

    First off I want to say terrific blog! I had a quick question in which I’d like to ask if you don’t mind. I was curious to know how you center yourself and clear your mind before writing. I have had a hard time clearing my mind in getting my thoughts out. I do enjoy writing but it just seems like the first 10 to 15 minutes are wasted just trying to figure out how to begin. Any suggestions or tips? Appreciate it!

  62. آواتار חשפניות
    חשפניות

    Hi! I know this is kinda off topic however , I’d figured I’d ask. Would you be interested in exchanging links or maybe guest writing a blog article or vice-versa? My site goes over a lot of the same subjects as yours and I believe we could greatly benefit from each other. If you happen to be interested feel free to send me an e-mail. I look forward to hearing from you! Awesome blog by the way!

  63. آواتار loans near me
    loans near me

    great issues altogether, you just gained a emblem new reader. What could you suggest in regards to your post that you simply made a few days ago? Any positive?

  64. آواتار online television
    online television

    I am extremely impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself? Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to see a nice blog like this one these days.

  65. آواتار online television
    online television

    This is a great tip especially to those new to the blogosphere. Brief but very accurate information Many thanks for sharing this one. A must read article!

  66. آواتار online television
    online television

    Pretty! This was a really wonderful post. Thanks for providing this information.

  67. آواتار стяжка
    стяжка

    Ищете надежного подрядчика для устройства стяжки пола в Москве? Обращайтесь к нам на сайт styazhka-pola24.ru! Мы предлагаем услуги по залитию стяжки пола любой сложности и площади, а также гарантируем быстрое и качественное выполнение работ.

  68. آواتار механизированная штукатурка
    механизированная штукатурка

    Технология штукатурки по маякам стен гарантирует великолепный результат. Узнайте больше на mehanizirovannaya-shtukaturka-moscow.ru

  69. آواتار гостиничные чеки
    гостиничные чеки

    Undeniably consider that that you stated. Your favourite justification appeared to be at the net the simplest thing to consider of. I say to you, I definitely get irked whilst other people consider concerns that they plainly do not understand about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the top as smartlyand also defined out the whole thing with no need side effect , other people can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thank you

  70. آواتار Заказать SEO продвижение
    Заказать SEO продвижение

    Hi, I do believe your site might be having internet browser compatibility issues. When I look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping issues. I simply wanted to give you a quick heads up! Apart from that, fantastic blog!

  71. آواتار сколько стоит сдать алюминий
    сколько стоит сдать алюминий

    Having read this I thought it was very informative. I appreciate you finding the time and effort to put this short article together. I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

  72. آواتار buy autocad
    buy autocad

    Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your efforts and I am waiting for your next post thank you once again.

  73. آواتار glavdachnik.ru
    glavdachnik.ru

    What’s up mates, good article and good arguments commented here, I am actually enjoying by these.

  74. آواتار https://crazysale.marketing/
    https://crazysale.marketing/

    This article offers clear idea in favor of the new people of blogging, that truly how to do blogging and site-building.

  75. آواتار реабилитация алко и наркозависимых
    реабилитация алко и наркозависимых

    You’re so awesome! I don’t think I’ve read something like this before. So great to find somebody with some original thoughts on this topic. Really.. thanks for starting this up. This site is something that is needed on the web, someone with some originality!

  76. آواتار вызвать сантехника краснодар
    вызвать сантехника краснодар

    Have you ever thought about publishing an e-book or guest authoring on other sites? I have a blog based upon on the same ideas you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my viewers would enjoy your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an e mail.

  77. آواتار запчасти
    запчасти

    It’s an awesome piece of writing in favor of all the web viewers; they will get benefit from it I am sure.

  78. آواتار автозапчасти
    автозапчасти

    My programmer is trying to persuade me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses. But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type on numerous websites for about a year and am anxious about switching to another platform. I have heard fantastic things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress content into it? Any kind of help would be really appreciated!

  79. آواتار seo услуга
    seo услуга

    Hello, I think your web site could be having internet browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine however, if opening in IE, it has some overlapping issues. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Besides that, great website!

  80. آواتار определитель цветов с фото
    определитель цветов с фото

    You’re so awesome! I don’t think I have read something like this before. So nice to find someone with some unique thoughts on this topic. Really.. thanks for starting this up. This website is something that’s needed on the web, someone with some originality!

  81. آواتار коучинг в бизнесе
    коучинг в бизнесе

    It’s awesome to pay a visit this site and reading the views of all mates regarding this article, while I am also keen of getting familiarity.

  82. آواتار коучинг для руководителей
    коучинг для руководителей

    Thank you a bunch for sharing this with all people you really recognize what you are talking approximately! Bookmarked. Please also discuss with my web site =). We could have a link exchange agreement among us

دیدگاهتان را بنویسید

نشانی ایمیل شما منتشر نخواهد شد. بخش‌های موردنیاز علامت‌گذاری شده‌اند *

پست های مرتبط

Navigation

My Cart

Close
Viewed

Recently Viewed

Close

Great to see you here !

A password will be sent to your email address.

اطلاعات شخصی شما برای پردازش سفارش شما استفاده می‌شود، و پشتیبانی از تجربه شما در این وبسایت، و برای اهداف دیگری که در سیاست حفظ حریم خصوصی توضیح داده شده است.

ارسال مجدد کد یکبار مصرف (00:180)

Already got an account?

Quickview

Close

Categories