سیستمهای چهار چرخ محرک روش کار یکسانی ندارند. ما تفاوتهای اساسی این سیستمها و چگونگی تفاوت آنها روی رانندگی در داخل و خارج جاده را بررسی کرده و شرح دادهایم.
چهار چرخ محرک. تمام چرخ محرک. سیستمهای تمام یا نیمهوقت… واژهشناسی میتواند گیج کننده باشد مخصوصاً زمانی که شما نامهای مخصوصی چون کواترو، 4Motion و 4Matic را به این داستان اضافه میکنید.
اساساً یکی از اهداف مشترک تمامی این سیستمها ارائه نیروی محرک (گشتاور) به تمامی چرخها به منظور افزایش کشش میباشد. در ادامه تفاوت روشهای انتقال گشتاور پیشرانه به چرخها را خدمت شما عزیزان شرح میدهیم.
تاریخچه سیستم تمام چرخ محرک
اولین خودروی چهار چرخ محرکی که دارای پیشرانه احتراق داخلی نیز بود عنوان اولین خودروی هیبریدی را نیز یدک میکشد. فردیناند پورشه خودروی لونر-پورشه خود را در سال 1899 و در وین برای لودویگ لونر طراحی کرد و ساخت و این خودرو دارای چهار پیشرانه الکتریکی بود که نیرو را به هر چرخ منتقل میکرد و پیشرانه بنزینی نیز عملکرد ژنراتور را داشت.
اولین خودروی چهار چرخ محرک با یک پیشرانه احتراق داخلی که وظیفه نیرورسانی به چرخها را بر عهده داشته باشد اسپایکر ساخت تا این خودرو در سال 1903 در مسابقه پاریس تا مادرید شرکت کند.
اگرچه چندین خودروی نظامی چهار چرخ محرک نیز ساخته شده بود اما اولین خودروی تولید انبوه مجهز به این سیستم جیپ CJ-2A 1945 (جیپ غیرنظامی) نام داشت.
نصب سیستم چهار چرخ محرک در خودروهای سواری تولید انبوه زمان زیادی بود و این بار لئون سوبارو در سال 1972 بود که این عنوان را به خود اختصاص داد. در سال 1980 آئودی کواترو معرفی شد و این یک انقلاب در رالی محسوب میشد.
از اولین باری که خودروی مجهز به کواتروی آئودی در سال 1983 برنده شده هیچ خودروی تک دیفرانسیل نتوانسته است پیروز این میدان باشد.
اصول اساسی
گشتاور لحظهای توسط پیشرانه احتراق داخلی و در میللنگ ارائه میشود. سپس این گشتاور از طریق گیربکس، جایی که دندههای سنگین به عنوان چند برابر کنندهها عمل میکنند به چرخها فرستاده میشود.
حالا این گشتاور در شفت خروجی گیربکس و پیش از رسیدن به تمامی چرخها در دسترس است. این موضوع به نوعی به ارتباط تمامی چرخها به خروجی گیربکس دلالت دارد اما این مورد را بعدها توضیح خواهیم داد.
مشکل این است که تمامی چرخها با یک سرعت نمیچرخند مخصوصاً زمانی که خودرو در حال عبور از پیچ بوده و چرخهای داخل پیچ فاصله کمتری را نسبت به چرخهای بیرونی طی میکنند.
این مؤلفه در اکسلهای جلو و عقب به منظور هماهنگی با تغییر سرعت طراحی شده و ما آن را به نام دیفرانسیل میشناسیم؛ بنابراین تمامی خودروهای چهار چرخ محرک نیازمند حداقل دو دیفرانسیل هستند، یکی برای جلو و یکی برای عقب.
نهایتاً دو میل لنگی که این گشتاور را به اکسلهای جلو و عقب میفرستند بسته به سرعت متوسط چرخها در هر اکسل شاید با سرعتهای متفاوتی بچرخند؛ بنابراین یک دستگاه دیگر به منظور پوشش این تفاوت موردنیاز است. البته زمانی که خودرو تنها در زمان لغزش و پیشگیری از آسیب نیز به دستگاه یاد شده نیاز خواهد داشت.
1-انواع سیستمهای تمام چرخ محرک سیستم چهار چرخ محرک دائمی
زمانی که سیستم موردنظر بهطور دائمی گشتاور را به تمامی چرخها برساند باید یک قفل دیفرانسیل به منظور پوشش تفاوت سرعت بین دو اکسل وجود داشته باشد. این به خاطر عدم وجود گزینه قطع سیستم تمام چرخ محرک در زمان حضور در سطوحی همچون قیرپاشی شده میباشد.
اجزای اصلی: سه دیفرانسیل که دوتا روی اکسلها بوده و یکی نیز بهصورت مرکزی میباشد. پیشرانه میتواند بهصورت عرضی یا طولی نصب شود.
استفاده در سطح قیرپاشی شده: تا زمانی که هر سه دیفرانسیل باز بوده و قفل نشده باشند میتوان از این سیستم استفاده کرد.
آپشن ها: قفلهای دیفرانسیل میتوانند در هر سه دیفرانسیل وجود داشته باشد. دندهسنگین احتمالاً برای خودروهای آفرود وجود خواهد داشت.
نمونهها: سوبارو به خاطر سیستم چهار چرخ محرک symmetrical کوپل شده با پیشرانههای بوکسوری و میللنگهای هم طول خود شناخته میشود. یکی از نمونههای آفرود مشهور دنیای خودرو لندروور دیفندر است که دارای سه دیفرانسیل و دندهسنگین میباشد.
موضوع جالب اینکه دیفندر تنها بهصورت استاندارد دارای قفل دیفرانسیل مرکزی بوده هرچند بسیاری از مالکان این خودرو را با دیفرانسیل لغزش محدود یا قفلهای دیفرانسیل جلو و عقب سفارش میدهند.
2-سیستم چهار چرخ محرک قابل انتخاب
این نوع سیستم بیشتر مناسب استفاده سنگین آفرود بوده و یک جعبه انتقال مرکزی مکانیکی و دندهسنگین گشتاور را در حالتهای چهار چرخ محرک بهصورت مساوی به اکسلهای جلو و عقب میفرستد.
اجزای اصلی: معمولاً تنها دو دیفرانسیل (یک دیفرانسیل در هر اکسل) وجود دارد. پیشرانه بهصورت طولی نصب شده و خودرو دارای جعبه انتقال و دندهسنگین است. زمانی که حالت چهار چرخ محرک انتخاب نشده باشد حالت پیشفرض بهصورت دیفرانسیل عقب خواهد بود. مصرف سوخت در حالت دیفرانسیل عقب و به دلیل اصطکاک کمتر کاهش مییابد.
استفاده در سطح قیرپاشی شده: در حالتهای چهار چرخ محرک توصیه نمیشود به جز زمانی که خودرو دارای دیفرانسیل مرکزی باز باشد.
آپشن ها: قفلهای دیفرانسیل در اکسلهای جلو و عقب. دندهسنگین نیز معمولاً بهصورت استاندارد در این سیستمها وجود دارد.
نمونهها: تویوتا هایلوکس یک مثال خوب از خودروی مجهز به جعبه انتقال و دندهسنگین که فاقد دیفرانسیل مرکزی است میباشد. یک استثنا در این کلاس میتسوبیشی تریتون است که دارای دیفرانسیل مرکزی تورسن باز در حالت 4H سیستم چهار چرخ محرک بوده است.
بنابراین میتوان آن را در سطح قیرپاشی شده نیز با همین حالت راند. زمانی که دیفرانسیل مرکزی قفل بوده و در حالت 4HLc است خودرو را در سطح قیرپاشی شده نرانید.
3-سیستم چهار چرخ محرک مبتنی بر نیاز راننده
این سیستم در بسیاری از خودروهای پرفورمنس جادهای و شاسی بلندهای شهری دیده میشود. ایده خلق این سیستم انتقال نیروی پیشرانه به چرخهای جلو در اکثر موارد بوده و تنها در زمانی که نیاز باشد سیستم چهار چرخ محرک بهصورت خودکار درگیر میشود.
اجزای اصلی: پیشرانه معمولاً بهصورت عرضی نصب شده است. دارای دو دیفرانسیل (در هر اکسل یک دیفرانسیل). این خودروها معمولاً دارای کلاچ چندصفحهای هستند. از آنجایی که سیستم چهار چرخ محرک این خودروها تنها در زمان نیاز فعال است بنابراین در مصرف سوخت صرفهجویی میشود. دندهسنگین به ندرت در اینگونه خودروها دیده میشود.
استفاده در سطح قیرپاشی شده: این سیستم مشکلی در اینگونه سطوح نداشته زیرا زمانی که هرزگردی در چرخها (اکثراً چرخهای جلو) تشخیص داده شود سیستم چهار چرخ محرک درگیر میشود. زمانی که سیستم درگیر شد کلاچ هنوز میتواند تفاوت سرعت کوچک بین اکسلها را پوشش دهد. این کار با لغزش کم چرخها صورت میگیرد.
آپشن ها: قفل دیفرانسیل معمولاً در این خودروها ارائه نمیشود و راننده کنترل کمی روی استفاده از سیستم چهار چرخ محرک دارد.
نمونهها: مرسدس-ای ام جی A45 دارای کلاچ چند صفحه مرکزی هالدکس به منظور درگیر کردن چرخهای عقب به منظور افزایش کشش است. نیسان ایکس تریل نیز دارای تنظیمات مناسبی بوده اما به راننده اجازه میدهد بین حالتهای دیفرانسیل جلو (کلاچ باز)، اتوماتیک (کلاچ توسط ECU کنترل میشود)، 4×4 (کلاچ بهصورت دائمی درگیر است) یکی را انتخاب کند.
قفل دیفرانسیل چیست؟
یک دیفرانسیل از مجموعه دندههای سیارهای تشکیل شده که به عنوان نسبت کاهشی نهایی به منظور چند برابر کردن ارزش گشتاور و در عین حال کاهش سرعت ورودی چرخشی به چرخها عمل میکند.
یک دیفرانسیل باز اجازه ایجاد تفاوت سرعت بدون محدود بین دو چرخ را به منظور بهبود عبور از پیچها میدهد. این امر میتواند باعث ایجاد اختلال در کشش شود مخصوصاً اگر یکطرف خودرو در جاده و طرف دیگر از گلولای باشد.
قفل دیفرانسیل دو چرخ را مجبور به چرخش با یک سرعت برابر میکند و کشش را بهبود میبخشد اما روی دینامیک خودرو تأثیر منفی میگذارد.
رانندگی با قفل دیفرانسیل درگیر شده در سطح قیرپاشی شده میتواند باعث آسیب به قوای محرکه شود. یک دیفرانسیل لغزش محدود باعث میشود تفاوت سرعت معینی بین چرخها وجود داشته باشد و به این ترتیب کشش خودرو بهبود مییابد.
دیفرانسیل لغزش محدود باعث تفاوت سرعت چرخش چرخها در هر اکسل میشود.
سیستم تمام چرخ محرک الکتریکی
مهندسی سیستم چهار چرخ محرک در خودروهای الکتریکی بسیار آسانتر از آن چیزی است که از نظر گذراندید. اگر چهار پیشرانه الکتریکی در خودرو نصب شود (یک پیشرانه برای هر چرخ)، دیگر نیازی به گیربکس، دیفرانسیل و جعبه انتقال نخواهد بود.
این تکنولوژی مدتهای زیادی است که به کار میرود و کامیونهای بزرگ دارای پیشرانه الکتریکی در هر اکسل هستند. این کامیونها میتوانند از پیشرانه احتراق داخلی به عنوان یک ژنراتور استفاده کنند. این ایده مشابه محصول لونر-پورشه است.
امروزه بسیاری از خودروهای الکتریکی پرفورمنس همچون تسلا مدل S از یک پیشرانه الکتریکی در هر اکسل استفاده میکنند تا سیستم چهار چرخ دائمی داشته باشند.
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