تا به حال بارها در مطالبی که در صفحات تیونینگ برای علاقه مندان به رشته تحریر در آمده است، ازقطعه ای به نام “دیفیوزر ” نام برده ایم؛ اما دیفیوزر چیست و دقیقا به چه کار می آید؟
وقتی یک خودرو با سرعت در حال حرکت بر روی جاده است، هوا از سه جهت در اطراف آن به حرکت در می آید: روی خودرو، زیر خودرو و جوانب خودرو. امروزه خودروها از ضریب آیرودینامیک خوبی برخوردارند؛بدین معنا که به انحنا دادن گوشه های بدنه در سه جانب خودرو در هنگام طراحی، اجازه می دهند خودرو کمترین برخورد را با هوا داشته باشد و بتواند شتاب و سرعت خوبی بگیرد که البته این انحناها در میزان مصرف سوخت و کاهش آلایندگی نیز موثرند. دیفیوزر در قسمت عقب زیر سپر نصب می شود؛ در این جا جریان هوایی که با سرعت از زیر خودرو عبور می کند به ویژه در سرعت های بالا، نیرویی ایجاد می کند که انتهای خودرو را به سمت بالا می فشارد. این مقدار نیرو در سر پیچ ها به ویژه در مسابقات که خودرو به سرعت های بالای 200 کیلومتر دست می یابد، سبب منحرف شدن خودرو و خارج شدن کنترل آن از دست راننده می شود. بنابر این با نصب دیفیوزر، سعی می شود این هوای جریان یافته در زیر خودرو به نحوی به بیرون هدایت شود که فشار به خودرو کاهش یابد. در واقع دیفیوزر به جریان یافتن هوا در زیر خودرو شتاب بیشتری می بخشد و بدین ترتیب فرمان پذیری خودرو نیز بهبود می یابد. البته نصب یک بال آیرودینامیک در بالای قسمت انتهایی خودرو می تواند به کمک دیفیوزر بیاید و در مجموع این دو قطعه، نیروی روبه پایین ( Downforce )ایجاد می کنند که از آن به نام نیروی چسبانش خودرو به زمین یاد می شود.هوایی که توسط بال به زیر فرستاده می شود به مکش هوای خارج شده از لبه دیفیوزر کمک می کند. قرار دادن اگزوزها داخل دیفیوزر به عملکرد بهتر دیفیوزر کمک می کند برای همین اغلب تیونرها اگزوزها را از میانه یا طرفین دیفیوزر خارج می کنند تا لوله های اگزوز مزاحم جریان هوای خروجی از زیر ماشین نشوند. همچنین هوای خروجی از اگزوزها به شتاب گرفتن جریان هوای خروجی از زیر ماشین کمک می کند.
دیفیوزر در قسمت جلو هم استفاده می شود. در خودروهای مسابقه (می توانید دربین خودروهایی که در مسابقات 42ساعته لمان شرکت می کنند ببینید) این قطعه از همان بدو ورود هوا فشار آن را می کاهد. برخی از دیفیوزرهای جلو، هوا را به سمت چرخ های جلو هدایت می کنند. لیکن اغلب تیونرها برای این منظور از اسپویلر لیپ استفاده می کنند که در مورد کارکرد و انواع آن نیز خواهیم نوشت.
نوعی از دیفیوزرها دوطبقه ( double-decker) یا چندطبقه(Multi-deck)هستند؛ به این معنا که بعضا دو یا چند طبقه دارند. برای نخستین بار سال 2009 تیم های براو نجی پی، ویلیامز و تویوتا در مسابقات فرمول یک از این دیفیوزر استفاده کردند.
در پایان لازم به ذکر است که دیفیوزرها از مواد اولیه مختلفی ساخته می شوند که مهم ترین و گران ترین نوع آن، الیاف کربن است. الیاف کربن چندین برابر فولاد مقاومت دارد و ضمنا چند برابر سبکتر از فولاد و حتی مواد پلاستیکی است، اما با این حال دیفیوزرهای پلیمری و کامپوزیتی نیز در خودروها به کار گرفته می شوند.
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