توربو شارژر در خودرویک سیستم اگزوز-محور است که توان خروجى موتور را افزایش مى دهد. توربوشارژر به طور معمول حرکت به سمت پایین پیستون هوا را به درون موتور مى کشاند. این هوا با سوخت ترکیب مى شود و براى تولید قدرت مى سوزاند.
با فشار پدال گاز میزان هوایى که وارد مى شود افزایش مى یابد. در نتیجه افزایش هواى درون موتور باعث بهبود فرآیند سوخت و افزایش قدرت موتور مى شود.
در توربو شارژر یک جفت توربین وجود دارد که بر روى یک شفت مشترک نصب شده اند. یکى از آنها که توربو نامیده مى شود به اگزوز منتقل مى شود، در حالى که دیگرى که کمپرسور نام دارد که به دریچه ورودى متصل است. گازهاى خروجى از اگزوز باعث چرخیدن توربین مى شود که آن باعث مى شود کمپرسور بچرخد.
کمپرسور هوا را به داخل موتور هدایت مى کند. هواى بیشترى که وارد موتور مى شود همراه با حجم بیشتر سوخت قدرت خروجى موتور را افزایش مى دهد.
توربو لگ
براى اینکه توربوشارژر به خوبى کار بکند، باید فشار کافى در اگزوز وجود داشته باشد که باعث چرخش توربین ها شود. این اتفاق زمانى رخ مى دهد که دور موتور به ٢٠ هزار تا ٣٠ هزار دور در دقیقه برسد.
فاصله اى که طول مى کشد تا دور موتور بالا برود و توربوشارژر فعال شود توربو لگ نام دارد. زمانى که توربو شروع به چرخش مى کند ناگهان قدرت زیادى تولید مى شود و گاهى اوقات صداى تولید شده مانند صداى سوت موتور جت ها مى باشد.
چه خودروهایى از توربوشارژر استفاده مى کنند؟
در گذشته، توربوشارژرها براى تولید قدرت بیشتر در خودروهاى اسپورت استفاده مى شد. از زمانى که استاندارهاى مربوط به آلودگى هوا و محیط زیست افزایش یافته است، بسیارى از خودروسازان از موتورهاى کوچک به همراه توربوشارژر به جاى موتورهاى بزرگ استفاده مى کنند.
توربوشارژر به یک موتور کوچک اجازه مى دهد تا قدرتى که یک موتور بزرگ تولید مى کند را تولید کند، اما زمانى که احتیاج به قدرت کمترى است، موتور کوچک مصرف کمترى دارد. به طور سنتى موتورهاى داراى توربوشارژر به سوخت بالا اکتان بالا نیاز دارد،
بنابراین بسیارى از موتورهاى داراى سوپرشارژر که براى کاهش مصرف سوخت طراحى شده اند از تزریق مستقیم سوخت استفاده مى کنند که در نتیجه به آنها اجازه مى دهد تا از سوخت ارزان تر با اکتان ٨٧ نیز استفاده کنند.
به یاد داشته باشید که مسافتى که خودروى شما با مقدار مشخصى از سوخت طى مى کند در موتورهاى داراى توربوشارژر بسیار متفاوت است. حتى ممکن است که موتور داراى توربوى کوچک به اندازه ى یک موتور بزرگ سوخت مصرف کند.
بیشتر موتورهاى دیزلى از توربوشارژر استفاده مى کنند. موتورهاى دیزل داراى توربوشارژر در دور موتورهاى پایین نیز به خوبى عمل مى کنند. موتورهاى دیزلى زمانى که با توربوشارژر ترکیب مى شوند بهره برى سوخت نسبت به موتورهاى بنزینى با توربوشارژر، بیشتر مى شود.
توربوشارژر و سوپرشارژر
ساختار موتورهای سوپر شارژ مشابه توربو شارژ است با این تفاوت که در سوپر شارژها توربین وجود ندارد و کمپرسور قدرت خود را مستقیما (با استفاده از تسمه یا زنجیر) از موتور گرفته و هوای ورودی به سیلندر را فشرده می کند.
یکى از مزایاى سوپرشارژرها این است که مسئله ى توربو لگ در آنها وجود ندارد، اما آنها نیاز به قدرت زیادى براى چرخش دارند. بنابراین همیشه نمى توانند قدرتى مانند توربوشارژر را تولید کنند. سوپرشارژر معمولاً در خودروهاى درگ استفاده مى شود، که احتیاج به قدرت بسیار زیادى دارند. ولوو توانسته است تا از ترکیب توربوشارژر و سوپرشارژر در موتور Drive-E خود استفاده کند.
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