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نحوه کارکرد پمپ سوخت مکانیکی و الکتریکی
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نحوه کارکرد پمپ سوخت مکانیکی و الکتریکی

توسط . نوشته شده در

از آنجا که موتور خودرو نیز کارکردی شبیه به سوخت و ساز بدن ما دارد، تغذیه مناسب و صحیح آن هم اهمیت بالایی در کارکردش خواهد داشت. پمپ بنزین یکی از عوامل مهم در کارکرد موتور است. وقتی سوخت به میزان کافی به موتور نرسد یا فشار لازم برای پاشیده‌شدن توسط انژکتور‌ها را نداشته باشد، موتور خودرو هر‌ قدر هم تنظیم باشد، باز هم کارایی آن تحت‌الشعاع قرار خواهد گرفت. امروزه با وجود انژکتوری بودن خودروها، پمپ بنزین‌های برقی جایگزین نمونه‌های مکانیکی شده‌اند.

در این مطلب سری به نمونه‌های مکانیکی خواهیم زد و اختلاف کارکرد آنها را با پمپ‌های برقی و مهم‌ترین دلایل بازنشسته شدن آنها‌ بررسی خواهیم کرد.

پمپ بنزین الکتریکی:

نحوه کار پمپ بنزین‌های برقی که با باز شدن سوئیچ کار می‌کنند را می‌توان به طور خلاصه شبیه به یک مکنده دانست. با ارسال دستور از ECU و رله دوبل، بنزین توسط موتور الکتریکی داخل پمپ مکیده می‌شود و با گذر از اطراف سیم‌پیچ و روتور داخل مجموعه پمپ که با هم در نقش یک موتور الکتریکی هستند، آنها را خنک کرده و به سمت موتور ارسال می‌شود. مجموعه داخل پمپ در نقش یک موتور الکتریکی با داشتن یک توربین در انتهای خود، یک مکش منظم را ایجاد می‌کنند. از آنجایی که سیستم و شلنگ‌ها کاملا حالت خلأ دارند، این مکش منظم در مقایسه با قطر کم شلنگ بنزین خارج شده از باک، جریان پر فشار و مناسبی را برای موتور آماده می‌کند. این جریان پر فشار و منظم سوخت، یکی از مهم‌ترین مزیت‌های آنها به شمار می‌رود. ضمن اینکه جریان سوخت ارسالی همیشه بیش از حد نیاز موتور است که همین عامل باعث می‌شود انژکتور‌ها و یا کاربراتور همیشه سوخت کافی برای تزریق به داخل موتور داشته باشند و اصطلاحا موتور کم نیاورد. سوخت اضافی نیز توسط مسیر بازگشت به داخل باک خودرو باز‌می‌گردد. از دیگر مزیت‌های بزرگ این پمپ‌ها در این است که کارکردشان اثری در گرم شدنشان ‌‌ندارد، چراکه سوخت ارسالی با گذر از اطراف سیم‌پیچ درون آن، باعث سرد‌شدن این قسمت‌ها می‌شود. اما از طرفی به کارکرد بدون سوخت و یا نفوذ ناخالصی و کثیفی سوخت به داخل خود، حساس‌تر هستند و همین عامل در کاهش عمر آنها اثر خواهد داشت.

درون این پمپ‌ها یک سوپاپ یکطرفه قرار دارد تا در زمانی که موتور خودرو خاموش است، سوخت به داخل باک برنگردد و روشن شدن دوباره آن به مخاطره نیفتد.

همچنین با وجود کلید حساس به ضربه و تصادفی که درون محفظه پیشرانه در خودرو‌های انژکتوری قرار دارد، با چپ شدن و تصادف خودرو، از ارسال سوخت به پیشرانه جلوگیری شده و پمپ قطع می‌شود تا ایمنی اتومبیل نیز تامین شود. پمپ‌های برقی امروزه بیشتر از نوع داخل باک یا In Tank هستند که مهم‌ترین تفاوت آنها در مقایسه با نمونه‌های خارج باک یا In Line در کاهش صدای کارکرد موتور پمپ و خنک‌تر بودن آن است.

پمپ بنزین مکانیکی:

اما در نقطه مقابل این پمپ‌ها، نمونه‌های مکانیکی قرار دارند. این پمپ بنزین‌ها هیچ شباهت ظاهری با مدل‌های برقی ندارند و در کنار پیشرانه و نزدیک به میل سوپاپ نصب می‌شوند. از این پمپ‌ها اهرمی بیرون زده که به نام شیطانک شناخته می‌شود. شیطانک توسط میل سوپاپ تحریک شده و به حرکت در‌می‌آید. درست شبیه به بادامک‌هایی که روی میل سوپاپ قرار دارند، بادامکی نیز برای ضربه‌زدن به شیطانک قرار گرفته است. با هر ضربه‌ای که به شیطانک وارد می‌شود، شیطانک بالا و پایین می‌رود و درست شبیه به یک تلمبه عمل می‌کند. درون این نوع پمپ بنزین‌ها قطعات بسیار دیگری نظیر دیافراگم وجود دارد که با شیطانک در ارتباط است.

وقتی سر شیطانک به بالا می‌رود، انتهای آن پایین آمده و دیافراگم را به پایین می‌کشد. خلأ ایجاد شده در محفظه پمپ بنزین، باعث مکش و ورود بنزین به داخل پمپ می‌شود. این بنزین از یک سوپاپ یکطرفه که فقط اجازه ورود بنزین به پمپ را می‌دهد، داخل پمپ می‌شود. زیر دیافراگم یک فنر قوی تعبیه شده است که وظیفه آن برگرداندن دیافراگم به محل اول و همچنین پایین آوردن سر شیطانک است. با این اتفاق، بنزین وارد شده به پمپ، از سوپاپ دیگری که برعکس سوپاپ اول عمل می‌کند و فقط اجازه خروج بنزین را می‌دهد، از پمپ به سمت پیشرانه، ارسال می‌شود.

این عمل با هر بار چرخش میل سوپاپ تکرار می‌شود تا همیشه بنزین کافی برای سوخت و ساز در دسترس باشد. همچنین چون همیشه پمپ بنزین در حال ارسال سوخت به سمت پیشرانه است، با قرار دادن یک صافی مخصوص، بنزین زیادی ارسال شده به کاربراتور، به سمت باک بر‌می‌گردد.

هر‌چند که بزرگ‌ترین عیب نمونه‌های برقی، سوختن ناگهانی آنها می‌تواند باشد اما مزیت‌های بزرگ این پمپ‌ها نسبت به نمونه‌های مکانیکی باعث شده‌ تا امروزه برادران مکانیکی خود را بازنشسته کنند. این مزیت‌ها را می‌توان به شرح زیر برشمرد.

1- پمپ‌های برقی اندازه کوچک‌تری دارند و می‌توان آنها را در هر جایی نصب کرد.

ضمن اینکه با قرار‌گرفتن در داخل باک و همچنین به واسطه نوع طراحی همیشه خنک هستند و از این نظر یک امتیاز بزرگ دارند.

2- عیب‌یابی و تهیه آنها بسیار راحت‌تر از نمونه‌های مکانیکی است. تهیه پمپ‌های مکانیکی اصلی و با‌کیفیت امروزه کمی سخت و البته هزینه‌بردار است و این در حالی است که انواع پمپ‌های برقی به راحتی در دسترس هستند.

3- پمپ‌های برقی یک جریان پرفشار و دائمی از سوخت را تامین می‌کنند که شدت این جریان وابسته به دور موتور و سلامت پیشرانه نیست. این در حالی است که چون نمونه‌های مکانیکی با میل بادامک در جریان هستند، بسته به دور موتور، تغذیه متفاوتی خواهند داشت و این دقیقا مشکلی است که گاهی مواقع در سربالایی‌های شدید و افت دور پیشرانه، یعنی دقیقا زمانی که پیشرانه برای بالا نگه داشتن دور خود به بنزین زیادی محتاج است، بروز می‌کند. همچنین در پیشرانه‌ای که کارکرد منظمی ندارد، تامین نامناسب سوخت با پمپ‌های مکانیکی می‌تواند بر کارکرد آن اثر منفی بیشتری بگذارد.

4- شاید باورش کمی سخت باشد اما پمپ‌های برقی با داشتن سیستم ایمنی قطع سوخت، از پمپ‌های مکانیکی ایمن‌تر هستند. چراکه درون پمپ‌های مکانیکی همیشه مقداری بخار بنزین وجود دارد که در معرض گرمای پیشرانه است و همین بخار می‌تواند منجر به آتش‌سوزی شود.

5- پمپ‌های برقی مشکل قفل گازی درون خود ندارند، چرا که همیشه سرد هستند

این در حالی است که پمپ‌های مکانیکی چون در بغل پیشرانه قرار دارند و گرمای پیشرانه را همواره حس می‌کنند، بنزین درون آنها به حالت بخار در‌می‌آید و همین بخار باعث ایجاد قفل گازی و کارکرد نادرست آن می‌شود. این مشکل با قرار دادن یک جوراب خیس حاوی شن و یا پارچه خیس تا حدودی رفع می‌شود اما همچنان پا‌برجا خواهد بود. این عیب در خودرو‌هایی که موتور خورجینی دارند و اطراف پمپ شلوغ بوده و جریان هوای کافی به آن برخورد نمی‌کند، بیشتر دیده می‌شود و حاد‌تر است.

6- ورود ناخالصی از باک به سمت پمپ و عبور از فیلتر می‌تواند اثر بالایی در کاهش عمر آن داشته باشد؛ چرا‌که باعث ضعیف‌شدن و سوراخ شدن پرده دیافراگم آن می‌شود که عملا مکش بنزین و تزریق دوباره آن را مختل خواهد کرد.

7- با کارکرد طولانی‌مدت پمپ‌های مکانیکی، شیطانک آنها که در تماس مستقیم با میل بادامک است، به مرور زمان خورده شده و لقی پیدا می‌کند. این اتفاق باعث کاهش کارایی آن می‌شود تا آنجا که گاهی مواقع لازم است آن را تعویض کرد.

8- با وجود اینکه در این پمپ‌ها هم سوپاپ یکطرفه‌ای قرار دارد تا بنزین از سمت کاربراتور به باک بر‌نگردد، اما کارایی این سوپاپ اصلا در حد نمونه‌های برقی نبوده و باعث می‌شود تا با گذشت زمان و خاموش بودن چند‌روزه پیشرانه، همزمان با تبخیر بنزین موجود در کاربراتور، بقیه سوخت نیز به سمت باک عقب‌نشینی کند که روشن شدن دوباره پیشرانه را کمی سخت و نیازمند استارت‌های پیاپی کند.

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